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1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
2 Center for the Molecular Biology of RNA, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
Reprint requests to: Manuel Ares, Jr., Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA; e-mail: ares{at}biology.ucsc.edu ; fax: (831) 459-3737.
Unknown mechanisms exist to ensure that exons are not skipped during biogenesis of mRNA. Studies have connected transcription elongation with regulated alternative exon inclusion. To determine whether the relative rates of transcription elongation and spliceosome assembly might play a general role in enforcing constitutive exon inclusion, we measured exon skipping for a natural two-intron gene in which the internal exon is constitutively included in the mRNA. Mutations in this gene that subtly reduce recognition of the intron 1 branchpoint cause exon skipping, indicating that rapid recognition of the first intron is important for enforcing exon inclusion. To test the role of transcription elongation, we treated cells to increase or decrease the rate of transcription elongation. Consistent with the "first come, first served" model, we found that exon skipping in vivo is inhibited when transcription is slowed by RNAP II mutants or when cells are treated with inhibitors of elongation. Expression of the elongation factor TFIIS stimulates exon skipping, and this effect is eliminated when lac repressor is targeted to DNA encoding the second intron. A mutation in U2 snRNA promotes exon skipping, presumably because a delay in recognition of the first intron allows elongating RNA polymerase to transcribe the downstream intron. This indicates that the relative rates of elongation and splicing are tuned so that the fidelity of exon inclusion is enhanced. These findings support a general role for kinetic coordination of transcription elongation and splicing during the transcription-dependent control of splicing.
Keywords: Yeast; 6-azauracil; RPB2; exon definition; intron definition
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